Rodent models of diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus: A literature review and selection guide

Several research teams have focused on finding the “ideal” animal model that reflects the pathophysiological changes and closely simulates the metabolic characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the multitude of studies on this topic has resulted in large variations, making the models difficult to compare, as the measured parameters vary significantly. Additionally, selecting the appropriate animal model for a new study has become more difficult due to the increasing number of background variables. This article gives a detailed overview of the literature, covering the entire range of animal models and model characteristics, and most importantly, provides guidance for selecting the most suitable model for specific research goals in the future.     

Interaction of deoxyschizandrin and schizandrin B with liver uptake transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3

1. Deoxyschizandrin and schizandrin B have diverse pharmacological effects, including hepatoprotective activity. We aim to study their hepatic uptake and their effects on the hepatic uptake of other clinical drugs mediated by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3.

2. Deoxyschizandrin exhibited a high affinity for OATP1B1 with K_m of 17.61?±?0.43?μM but a low affinity for OATP1B3. Similarly, schizandrin B also showed a strong affinity for OATP1B1 with K_m of 18.45?±?1.23?μM but a weak affinity for OATP1B3.

3. Atorvastatin and rifampicin could inhibit the uptake of deoxyschizandrin and schizandrin B mediated by OATP1B1.

4. Intriguingly, both deoxyschizandrin and schizandrin B significantly promoted the uptake of atorvastatin (with EC₅₀ of 50.58?±?8.08 and 24.70?±?5.82 µM, respectively) and rosuvastatin (with EC₅₀ of 13.46?±?2.70 and 8.99?±?4.73 µM, respectively) mediated by OATP1B1. Deoxyschizandrin could markedly promote the uptake of fluvastatin but inhibit the uptake of sodium taurocholate (TCNa) mediated by OATP1B1.

5. The promotion on hepatic uptake of statins mediated by OATP1B1 might lead to enhanced efficacy of cholesterol lowering and reduced risk of myopathy for hyperlipidemia patients when given statins together with deoxyschizandrin or schizandrin B.     

Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging features of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) and tufted angioma (TA) primarily occurring in infants are difficult to distinguish. This study evaluated ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of KHE and TA. Pathologically proven TA (n = 21) and KHE (n = 40 [11 KHE + Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon [KMP]]) occurring between January 2015 and December 2017 were reviewed. US (n = 61) and MRI (n = 50) findings were retrospectively evaluated. On US, KHE and TA lesions were subcutaneous, while 40% of KHE exhibited an infiltrative pattern extending into adjacent muscles. Of TA lesions, 42.9% were hyperechoic and 96.15% of KHE lesions exhibited mixed echogenicity. Of TA lesions, 76.2% exhibited well‐defined margins and all KHE lesions exhibited ill‐defined margins. The depth and vascular density of KHE and KHE + KMP were significantly increased compared with TA. The arterial peak systolic blood flow velocity of KHE + KMP was significantly higher than that in TA and KHE. KHE and KHE + KMP were significantly harder than TA on elastography. 3‐D color Doppler revealed branch‐shape blood flow for KHE and KHE + KMP lesions; for TA, it revealed a dot‐like and striped pattern. Considering MRI findings, KHE and KHE + KMP were more likely to exhibit diffuse heterogeneous enhancement after contrast than TA. KHE was infiltrative and more likely to be thick, hypoechoic, ill‐defined, richly vascular and hard than TA on US. KHE lesions were subcutaneous and reticular, with heterogeneous enhancement on MRI. Awareness of these features should prompt radiologists in the differential diagnosis of pediatric masses.     

儿童新型冠状病毒感染诊断、治疗和预防专家共识(第二版)

自2019年12月新型冠状病毒感染暴发以来,我国政府采取了严格的防控措施,国内疫情已得到初步控制,但形势依然严峻,境外多个国家也相继出现疫情。根据世界卫生组织的报告:截至2020年3月5日,全球共报告95333例确诊病例(其中我国累计报告确诊病例80565例),85个国家有确诊病例报告,中国将面临输入性病例的传播风险,这为防治我国儿童的疾病疫情提出了新的挑战[1]。在这次疫情中,与成人病例相比,儿童病例相对较少、症状轻、预后较好。目前国内病例数据显示,18岁以下儿童占所有报告病例的2.4%,尚无死亡病例报告[2]。     

非同步处理肾蒂血管技术在后腹腔镜复杂性肾癌肾盂癌根治术中的应用探讨

目的:探讨经后腹腔入路行腹腔镜复杂性肾癌肾盂癌根治术肾蒂血管非同步处理技巧。方法:2010年1月至2018 年 4月就诊于我科的109例肾癌、肾盂癌患者接受腹膜后入路腹腔镜根治性肾切除术。根据肾蒂血管处理方式的差异分别纳入非同步组和同步组。非同步组患者61例，其中肾癌43例，肾盂癌18例；同步组患者48例，其中肾癌33例，肾盂癌15例；均采用3套管技术，从腹膜后入路，显露肾蒂，非同步组优先处理肾动脉，游离肾脏，最后结扎肾静脉。同步组先游离出肾动脉及肾静脉予以结扎，最后游离肾脏。分别对两组患者的手术时间、术中失血量进行统计分析。结果:非同步组1例男性患者因左肾肉瘤浸润腰大肌、腹膜及结肠，粘连严重转为开放手术，予以排除，两组其余患者均顺利完成手术。非同步组与同步组手术时间分别为:肾癌（94.3±28.1）min vs （113.3±40.3）min，肾盂癌（135.2±43.3）min vs （168.2±37.2）min；术中出血量分别为:肾癌（68.4±56.8）ml vs （100.7±93.1）ml，肾盂癌（105.4±37.3）ml vs （131.3±36.3）ml。比较两组患者病种间手术时间及术中出血量均有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论:肾蒂血管的处理是复杂性肾癌、肾盂癌经后腹腔镜根治切除的关键，术中灵活的肾血管处理应对尤为重要，非同步肾蒂血管处理技巧有助于减少术中出血量，缩短手术时间，增加手术安全性。